CRC - North America

United States

Engineering and Planning

Bicycling and Walking in the U.S.: 2010 Benchmarking Report
This comprehensive study by the Alliance for Biking & Walking reveals that in almost every state and major U.S. city, bicyclists and pedestrians are at a disproportionate risk of being killed, and receive less than their fair share of transportation dollars. While 10% of U.S. trips are by bike or foot, and 13% of traffic fatalities are bicyclists and pedestrians, yet biking and walking receive less than 2% of federal transportation dollars. The report indicates that states with the lowest levels of biking and walking have, on average, the highest rates of obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. International comparisons indicate that the U.S. investments less in biking and walking and has less biking and walking activity than its peers.
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Transportation–land-use interaction: empirical findings in North America, and their implications for modeling
Daniel A. Badoe, Eric J. Miller, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 5, Issue 4, July 2000, Pages 235-263
The last two decades have witnessed the implementation of various policies based on land-use to address problems stemming from automobile ownership and use. There are, however, questions with respect to the efficacy of such policies. This paper therefore reviews the literature on empirical studies of the transportation–land-use interaction with the objective of identifying the current state of knowledge concerning the interactions, particularly with respect to the impact land-use policies are likely to have on the system. The focus is on studies conducted in North America. The results are mixed; some studies conclude that urban densities, traditional neighborhood design schemes, and land-use mix have an impact on auto ownership and use. Other studies find the impact of such variables to be at best marginal. Gaps in our understanding of the interaction are identified. These are found to be primarily the result of data limitations and methodological weaknesses. A detailed discussion of the implications of the findings for the development and application of integrated transportation–land-use models is provided, with the recommendation that without such an integrated approach to analyzing the transportation–land-use interaction, any study of impacts of urban form on travel behavior is likely to yield erroneous results.
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Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center
- Cycling and the Built Environment - A U.S. Perspective
  Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
  This disaggregate cross-sectional study uses primary data on the cycling behavior of 608 randomly sampled respondents in urbanized King County, Washington, and objective parcel-level GIS measures of land use and infrastructure conditions.
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- Transportation-Efficient Land Use Mapping Index(TELUMI)
  Phase 3 of Integrating Land Use and Transportation Investment Decision-Making
  Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC)
  The TELUMI is a set of maps that depicts how the region's urban form affects overall transportation system efficiency. Nine map layers represent the effects of individual land-use variables on transportation efficiency. They include density (residential and employment), mix of uses (shopping and school traffic, the presence of neighborhood centers (NC)), network connectivity (block size), parking supply (amount of parking at grade), pedestrian environment (slopes), and affordable housing.
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Sustainable Transportation Indicator Data Quality and Availability
Todd Litman, (2009) Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 14 November 2009
This paper investigates the quality and availability of data required for sustainable transportation indicators. This analysis indicates that much of the information required is already collected, but inconsistencies in definitions and collection methods, a lack of disaggregation to appropriate geographic scales, and difficulties accessing data reduce the utility of this information. With relatively little incremental costs, transportation professional organizations could improve the quality of transportation-related statistics to facilitate transportation research, policy analysis and planning.
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Land use planning and health and well-being
Hugh Barton (2009) Land Use Policy, Volume 26, Supplement 1, December 2009, Pages S115-S123
This paper is concerned with the relationship between the planning of settlements and health. It gives a brief introduction to the issues before summarising the evidence in relation to a range of topics, concluding with some more speculative thoughts on likely future findings.
The paper uses a particular model of this relationship based on eco-system and health determinants theories to structure the review of evidence. The review covers: lifestyle choices in relation to physical activity and diet, mental well-being and community, the local economy and income, health inequalities and strategic land use transport planning, pollution and urban form, and finally impacts on global ecology.
There is now a growing consensus that while personal factors are critical in determining health, the urban environment exacerbates or mitigates health and well-being outcomes.
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Urban form correlates of pedestrian travel in youth: Differences by gender, race-ethnicity and household attributes
Jacqueline Kerr, Lawrence Frank, James F. Sallis, Jim Chapman, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 12, Issue 3, May 2007, Pages 177-182
This paper looks at pedestrian travel in Atlanta by US youths aged 5–18 years. Relationships between five urban form variables and walking in specific demographic subgroups are assessed using stratified logistic models and controlling for participant demographics. All five urban form and recreation measures were related to walking among whites, but only land use mix and access to recreation spaces were significantly related to walking in non-whites. There were more significant urban form physical activity associations in high-income than in low-income households. More urban form variables were related to walking in households with 3 or more cars than in households with no cars. Living in mixed use-areas and having access to recreational space were related to youth walking for transport in 11 of 13 population subgroups studied.
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NYC Dept. City Planning (Spring 2009), “Bike-Share Opportunities in New York City”
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The document analyzes existing bike-share models and current New York City bicyclist demographics and demand to assess the potential for a New York City Bike-Share Program. In addition, an overview of potential funding options and recommendations for program implementation, including suggested program size and phasing, bike-station siting, fees, safety and theft reduction, are also discussed.
Schneider, Robert J. (2009) Incorporating Sustainable Transportation into the Development Assessment Process: Exploring Methods to Estimate Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Public Transit Mode Shares, University of California - Berkeley
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/8874/report/0

This study (2008 to 2011) will examine the number of pedestrian, bicycle, and public transit trips generated in a variety of urban, suburban, and exurban settings in different parts of the United States. In order to draw meaningful conclusions within the study timeframe, the analysis will focus on a specific set of common land uses. These may include single-family homes, apartments, residential condominiums/townhouses, schools, supermarkets, or convenience markets. The task of reviewing existing trip generation methods and creating new trip generation tools that account for walking, bicycling, and public transportation will require several phases.
IBPI RESEARCH DIGEST - Pedestrian and Bicycle Strategic Plan, City of Eugene & University of Oregon, U of O Community Planning Workshops
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In October 2006, the City of Eugene kicked off its first Pedestrian and Bicycle Strategic Plan with the Eugene Walking and Biking Summit. The summit marked the beginning of a yearlong public involvement process that includes a series of community workshops and focus groups. Workshop topics included Youth Safety and Education, Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities and Infrastructure, Accessibility for Seniors and People with Disabilities, Education and Encouragement, and Bicycle Parking and Theft.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, (2009) CASE STUDY COMPENDIUM, January, 2009
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This PBIC Case Study Compendium contains a collection of brief, original case studies developed by the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center and the Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals (APBP). The case studies, or success stories, cover pedestrian and bicycle projects and programs from across the US and abroad, including engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, planning, health promotion, and comprehensive safety initiatives. They are intended to provide ideas and spur thinking about potential activities communities can undertake to further support bicycling and walking. Each case study provides a context in which the program or project takes place, a description of the pedestrian and/or bicycle issues faced, as well as how the community sought to address their concerns through various measures. Finally, a results section describes the successes and lessons learned from the planning or implementation of the activity. When available, data are provided to support results.
Brown, L. R. (2001) Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth, W.W. Norton & Co., NY, URBAN RAIL AND BICYCLE SYSTEMS: Chapter 9. Redesigning Cities for People
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& Earth Policy Institute website - Visit Site
Brown, L. R. (2006) Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, NY: W.W. Norton & Co. - REDESIGNING URBAN TRANSPORT: From Chapter 11. Designing Sustainable Cities
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Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, Case Studies - Do roundabouts work for bicycles and pedestrians?
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Modern roundabouts by their design require motorists to slow down typically to less than 25 mph (40 km/h), and preferably 15 mph (25 km/h) to proceed through the intersection. The literature shows that, given a properly designed single-lane roundabout, motorist and pedestrian safety is almost always improved when compared to conventional intersections. Results regarding cyclist safety are somewhat mixed.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, website, Policy and Planning
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United States orientated, web based information centre covering a wide variety of topics on walking and cycling issues. This Policy and Planning link offers links to a large number of US walking and cycling strategy documents, as well as the benefits of cycling.
Pucher, J., Buehler, R., 2006, Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies, Transport Policy, Vol. 13, p. 265 – 279.
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This research paper, although North American focused, offers an important explanation of how transport and land use policies influence rates of cycling.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, undated, Bikeability checklist, Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
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A practical guide designed to evaluate the bicycle friendliness of particular localities. Although it was developed in the United States, the majority of the content is relevant to the Australian context.
League of American Bicyclists, 2006, Bicycle Friendly Communities: Enhancing Cities Through Cycling.
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Presents case studies of the top performing US cities, in terms of bicycle friendliness. Highlights the wide range of initiatives possible to improve conditions for cyclists and thereby enhance the livability of urban environments.
Pucher, J., Buehler, R., 2006, Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies, Transport Policy, Vol. 13, p. 265 – 279.
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This research paper, although North American focused, offers an important explanation of how transport and land use policies influence rates of cycling.
Transportation Research Board, 2005, Synthesis 4: Integration of Bicycles and Transit, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.
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This report offers a comprehensive assessment and analysis of the US experience of combining bicycles with public transport services. A significant proportion of the document is of relevance to the Australian context, despite the fact that it is US based.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, Case Studies - Creating Active Rural Communities, Haliburton County, Ontario - Contact: Sue Shikaze, Health Promoter, Haliburton, Kawartha, Pine Ridge District Health Unit, Box 570, 191 Highland St, Unit 301, Haliburton, ON K0M 1S0, susans@haliburton.hkpr.on.ca
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There are many challenges unique to creating active communities in rural places, and yet there is very little literature or research to guide a community that pursues this goal. Some of the obstacles a rural community faces include large distances between destinations (20 km/12 miles or more); a prevalent "car culture"; an extensive road network and a small tax base, so that the focus on transportation is to maintain existing roads for cars, rather than to create or improve walking or cycling infrastructure; and limited capacity or expertise within municipal governments (staff and elected representatives) to make planning for active communities a priority.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, Case Studies - Intermodal Transportation Planning and Development: A closer look at linking transit to bicycling and walking Tucson, Arizona - Contact: Tom Fisher, Project Manager, Transit Services Division, City of Tucson, 149 N. Stone, 2nd Floor, Tucson, AZ 85726, (520)791-5883, tom.fisher@tucsonaz.gov
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Can communities reduce the length or number of car trips by making better intermodal connections? An intermodal trip involves more than one type of transportation, such as walking and transit, bicycling and transit, or driving and transit. Communities interested in offering commuters more transportation choices in an age of rising gas prices and concern about climate change can learn from the plans, policies and programs implemented by the City of Tucson.

Bicycles and Public Transport integration

Bicycle-Bus Conflict Area Study
Gregory Krykewycz, (2009) Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission
Increasing bicycle use and bus ridership are both desirable policy goals from a sustainability standpoint, but on city streets these two modes of transport are often in conflict. While occupying opposite ends of the size and weight spectrum, they typically operate in the same space and at roughly the same speeds over significant stretches of road. This report includes a review of crash data and an analysis of videologs along Walnut Street in University City, with an aim of documenting and highlighting the precise nature of this conflict in Philadelphia. After reviewing how other places have dealt with these conflicts, staff proposes two specific strategies to address the problems that were observed: the increased use of left-side bike lanes on one-way streets where transit conflicts exist, and the pursuit of a citywide 'yield/courtesy pyramid' to clarify roles and responsibilities (with one example being a new 'do not pass stopped transit vehicles on the right' rule for bicyclists).
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Sustainable Transport

Prof. Pucher, J. & Buehler, R. (2009) Sustainable Transport that Works: Lessons from Germany," World Transport Policy and Practice, Vol. 15, No. 1, May 2009, pp. 13-46, Rutgers University Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy
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Prof. Pucher, J. & Buehler, R. (2009) "Cycling for a Few or for Everyone: The Importance of Social Justice in Cycling Policy," World Transport Policy and Practice, Vol. 15, No. 1, May 2009, pp. 57-64, Rutgers University Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy
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Sustainable Transport and Mobility Management - Gateway to International Best Practices & Innovation - USA EPA website
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Innovative strategies to decrease traffic and air pollution while increasing mobility and quality of life are showcased. Examples include car sharing, bike lanes and parking, and multi-modal hubs. Given the close relationship between air/climate change and smart growth, see also those related pages in this site.
- Innovative Programs and Policies - Visit Site
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- International Organization and Government Web sites - Visit Site

Education and Training

The Science of Cycling
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a portion of a web-based science museum.
United States Department of Transportation, 2002, Good practices guide for bicycle safety education, Federal Highway Administration, United States Government, Washington.
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This is a useful resource for those wishing to develop or review a bicycle safety education program. Although the case studies are drawn from North America, much of the content can be applied to the Australian and New Zealand context.

Encouragement and Promotion

Partnership Moves Community Toward Complete Streets
Anne B. Geraghty, Walt Seifert, Terry Preston, Christopher V. Holm, Teri H. Duarte, Steve M. Farrar (2009) American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 37, Issue 6, Supplement 2, December 2009, Pages S420-S427
The Partnership for Active Communities brought together multidisciplinary organizations to create a 5-year project to support increased walking and bicycling in the Sacramento CA area.
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Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review
John Pucher, Jennifer Dill, Susan Handy (2009) Preventive Medicine, Volume 50, Supplement 1, January 2010, Pages S106-S125
To assess existing research on the effects of various interventions on levels of bicycling. Interventions include infrastructure (e.g., bike lanes and parking), integration with public transport, education and marketing programs, bicycle access programs, and legal issues.
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Shinkle, D. & Teigen, A. (2008) "Encouraging Bicycling and Walking - The State Legislative Role", National Conference of State Legislatures: The Forum for America's Ideas, Washington USA
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The report first provides an overview of recent trends in bicycling and walking and the related transportation, economic, public and environmental health benefits. A snapshot of the current state of bicycling and walking in the United States follows. Subsequent chapters examine state legislative activity in three key areas: funding, planning and safety.
World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research, (2009) Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention, US
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One-third of cancers in developed countries, not including those preventable by not smoking, can be prevented through diet, exercise, and weight control. Researchers found that modern cities have impeded walking and bicycling. They recommend widespread dedicated walking and cycling facilities and traffic management policies that encourage people to walk or bike.
The Clear Air Partnership, (2009), Bike Lanes, On-Street Parking and Business: A Study of Bloor Street in Toronto’s Annex Neighbourhood, Toronto
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This report takes a closer look into fears that improved walking and biking conditions through reallocation of road space would hurt business.
Gleason, R. (2008) GUIDE TO PROMOTING BICYCLING ON FEDERAL LANDS, Publication No. FHWA-CFL/TD-08-007, September 2008, US Federal Highway Administration
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Federal lands, including units of the National Park Service, National Forests, National Wildlife Refuges, and Bureau of Land Management lands, are at a critical juncture. Increasing numbers of automobiles in some areas have led to congestion, poor air quality, damage to natural resources, and degraded visitor experience. At the same time, growth in the number of bicyclists on some of the most scenic roadways has led to motorist–bicyclist conflicts and concern for everyone’s safety. Increased fuel costs and climate change have spawned efforts to reduce fuel consumption and minimize the "carbon footprint" of Federal land agencies. Sixty-one percent of adults in the United States are overweight or obese and childhood obesity rates are soaring (U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, 2006). Non-motorized transportation and recreation networks are one part of the solution to these issues.
(2008) Encouraging Bicycling and Walking: The State Legislative Role, National Conference of State Legislatures, USA
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The report first provides an overview of recent trends in bicycling and walking and the related transportation, economic, public and environmental health benefits. A snapshot of the current state of bicycling and walking in the United States follows. Subsequent chapters examine state legislative activity in three key areas: funding, planning and safety.
The Bike-sharing Blog
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A blog / website site that has gathered information on all the major bike sharing business programs around the world.
Pucher, J., 2007, Cycling is for everyone: The key to public and political support, Rutgers University, New Jersey.
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A presentation by one of the world’s leading transport academics on the relationship between transport and health, with a particular focus on cycling. This presentation provides a comprehensive set of data and imagery outlining the importance of increasing rates of cycling and what needs to be done to make it happen.
Air Quality Sciences, 2006, Indoor Air Quality Hazards of New Cars, Air Quality Sciences Inc, United States.
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This paper outlines the harmful chemical exposure from the interior of new cars.
Bowles, H.R., Rissel, C., Bauman, A., 2006, Mass community cycling events: who participates and is their behaviour influenced by participation?, The International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, Vol. 2, Issue 39.
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This research paper investigates the type of people participating in mass cycling events and the subsequent effect on cycling behaviour.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, Case Studies - How can our community promote walking and bicycling to people who are concerned about high gasoline prices?
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High gasoline prices alone will inspire a few people to leave their cars at home and walk or bike. Communities that have already invested in sidewalks and/or a user-friendly bicycling system have a head start because these facilities will encourage novice walkers and bicyclists who might otherwise feel intimidated or overwhelmed.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Centre, Case Studies - What is the best way to encourage work trips by bicycle?
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Recruiting commuter cyclists depends on effective hardware and attractive software.
City of Boulder, USA (2007) Creating a web-based bike routing application Project Summary and Report of Findings
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GOBikeBoulder.net is a new Transportation Demand Management tool aimed to make commuting by bike in Boulder more convenient through use of a web-based routing application. With GOBikeBoulder.net, users input their trip origin and trip destination to receive a map of the recommended travel route that includes turn by turn directions and related information such as calories burned and gas saved by biking instead of driving this route.
Brown, L. R. - Earth Policy Institute
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Selected Cycling-Promotion Initiatives from around the World, 2008

Active School Transport

Active school transport, physical activity levels and body weight of children and youth: A systematic review
Guy E.J. Faulkner, Ron N. Buliung, Parminder K. Flora, Caroline Fusco (2009) Preventive Medicine, Volume 48, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 3-8
Active school transport (AST) may be an important source of children's physical activity (PA). Innovative solutions that increase PA time for children, without putting added pressure on the school curriculum, merit consideration. Before implementing such solutions, it is important to demonstrate that active school transport is associated with health-related outcomes.
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Influence of the social environment on children's school travel
Noreen C. McDonald, Elizabeth Deakin, Annette E. Aalborg (2010) Preventive Medicine, Volume 50, Supplement 1, January 2010, Pages S65-S68
To analyze the association between parental perceptions of the social environment and walking and biking to school among 10–14-year-olds.
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Benefits of Cycling

Carbonless footprints: Promoting health and climate stabilization through active transportation
Lawrence D. Frank, Michael J. Greenwald, Steve Winkelman, James Chapman and Sarah Kavage (2010) Preventive Medicine, Volume 50, Supplement 1, January 2010, Pages S99-S105
Our objective was to describe how active transportation can help meet health and greenhouse gas emissions goals, and the ability of urban form strategies to impact both issues. In addition, we wanted to assess if there is an inverse relationship between active and motorized forms of travel.
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A Walk (or Cycle) to the Park: Active Transit to Neighborhood Amenities, the CARDIA Study
Janne Boone-Heinonen, David R. Jacobs Jr, Stephen Sidney, Barbara Sternfeld, Cora E. Lewis, Penny Gordon-Larsen (2009) American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 37, Issue 4, October 2009, Pages 285-292
Building on known associations between active commuting and reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, this study examines active transit to neighborhood amenities and differences between walking and cycling for transportation.
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Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport
James Woodcock, Phil Edwards, Cathryn Tonne, Ben G Armstrong, Olu Ashiru, David Banister, Sean Beevers, Zaid Chalabi, Zohir Chowdhury, Aaron Cohen, Oscar H Franco, Andy Haines, Robin Hickman, Graeme Lindsay, Ishaan Mittal, Dinesh Mohan, Geetam Tiwari, Alistair Woodward, Ian Roberts (2009) The Lancet, Volume 374, Issue 9705, 5 December 2009-11 December 2009, Pages 1930-1943
We used Comparative Risk Assessment methods to estimate the health effects of alternative urban land transport scenarios for two settings—London, UK, and Delhi, India. For each setting, we compared a business-as-usual 2030 projection (without policies for reduction of greenhouse gases) with alternative scenarios—lower-carbon-emission motor vehicles, increased active travel, and a combination of the two. We developed separate models that linked transport scenarios with physical activity, air pollution, and risk of road traffic injury. In both cities, we noted that reduction in carbon dioxide emissions through an increase in active travel and less use of motor vehicles had larger health benefits per million population (7332 disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs] in London, and 12 516 in Delhi in 1 year) than from the increased use of lower-emission motor vehicles (160 DALYs in London, and 1696 in Delhi). However, combination of active travel and lower-emission motor vehicles would give the largest benefits (7439 DALYs in London, 12 995 in Delhi), notably from a reduction in the number of years of life lost from ischaemic heart disease (10–19% in London, 11–25% in Delhi). Although uncertainties remain, climate change mitigation in transport should benefit public health substantially. Policies to increase the acceptability, appeal, and safety of active urban travel, and discourage travel in private motor vehicles would provide larger health benefits than would policies that focus solely on lower-emission motor vehicles.
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Enforcement and Road Safety
TQ is an electronic newsletter that provides transportation leaders concise and relevant information about major transportation issues. Relevant articles include:

Pucher, J., 2001, Cycling Safety on bikeways vs roads, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 55 (4), p.9-11
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An exhaustive cycling bibliography.
US Federal Highway Administration, website, Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Research
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This web site provides information on issues and research related to improving pedestrian and bicyclist safety.
US Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC), website, Research and Development: Safety
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A list of research resources that address safety issues as they relate to bicyclists. PBIC Visit Site also support an Information Clearing House Visit Site , which is a network of technical professionals and experts in various areas who are available to answer questions about pedestrian and bicycling issues.

There are also pages on:
- Education and Enforcement
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- Bicycling Crashes
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- National Centre for Bicycling and Walking, (US)
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  Is the major program of the Bicycle Federation of America, Inc. Besides providing a number of excellent resources, it also has a free fortnightly newsletter, Centrelines Visit Site , on cycling and walking issues.
- Accident Analysis & Prevention
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  Recent journal articles on cycling (available for a fee from Science Direct Visit Site include the following:
  - Kima, J., Kimb, S., Ulfarssona, G.F., and Porrello, L.A., 2007, Bicyclist injury severity's in bicycle–motor vehicle accidents, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2007, p.238-251
  - Walker, I., 2007, Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2007, p.417-425
  - Walker, I., 2005, Signals are informative but slow down responses when drivers meet bicyclists at road junctions, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2005, p.1074-1085
  - Wang, Y., Nihan, N.L., 2004, Estimating the risk of collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles at signalized intersections Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 36, Issue 3, May 2004, p.313-321
  - Herslund, M., Jørgensen, N.O., 2003, Looked but failed to see errors in traffic, Volume 35, Issue 6, November 2003, p.885-891
- Injury Prevention
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  The Injury Prevention web site has a good search facility and has published a number of cycling related articles, particularly on the helmet issue, including:
- Macpherson, A.K., Macarthur, C., To, T.M., Chipman, M.L., Wright, J.G., and Parkin, P.C., 2006, Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation, Injury Prevention, Vol 12, p.231-235
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- Robinson, D.L., 2004, Reasons for trends in cyclist injury data, Injury Prevention, Vol 10, p.126-127
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- Jacobsen, P.L., 2003, Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling, 2003, Injury Prevention, Vol 9, p.205-9
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- Robinson, D.L., 2003, Helmet laws and cycle use, Injury Prevention Vol.9, p.380-381
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- Transportation Quarterly (US)
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Cycling Statistics

Factors associated with proportions and miles of bicycling for transportation and recreation in six small US cities
Yan Xing, Susan L. Handy, Patricia L. Mokhtarian (2010) Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 15, Issue 2, March 2010, Pages 73-81
The majority of bicycling in the US is for recreation rather than transportation purposes but few studies have examined the question of bicycling purpose. We use data from an online survey conducted in 2006 in six small cities in the western US to examine factors affecting bicycling for transportation compared to bicycling for recreation. The results indicate that individual, social-environment, and physical-environment factors have important influences on the balance between transportation and recreational bicycling and on miles of bicycling for each purpose. Bicycling comfort and an aversion to driving are associated with more transportation bicycling. A culture of utilitarian bicycling and short distances to destinations are also key factors for transportation bicycling. Bicycle infrastructure appears to play an indirect role through its effect on perceived bicycling safety and through the self-selection effect, by attracting bicycling-inclined people to bicycling-supportive communities
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Recreation

The Florida Department of Transport, USA, provides a variety of research papers.
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The Department of Transportation conducts research on issues related to pedestrians and bicycles.
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Using the links, you will be connected to a summary of the research, and have the ability to download a PDF version of the report if desired.

CanadaEngineering and Planning

Litman, T., 2007, Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada.
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This paper examines how transport planning choices affect land use, and the economic, social and environmental impacts of these decisions. It outlines particular methods to ensure that planning decision are made to support rather than hinder economic, social and environmental objectives.
Victorian Transport Policy Institute
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This website has numerous papers on cycle related research; encouragement, economic benefits and safety.
Litman, T. 2004, Quantifying the benefits of Non-motorized Transportation for Achieving Mobility Management Objectives, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Canada
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Litman, T., Blair, R., Demopoulos, B., Eddy, N., Fritzel, A., Laidlaw, D., Maddox, H., Forster, K., 2002, Pedestrian and bicycle planning: A guide to best practice, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada.
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A thorough guide to best practice pedestrian and bicycle planning. This is an excellent resource for anyone wishing to achieve better planning outcomes for pedestrians and cyclists. An extensive list of references allows for convenient research opportunities.

Education and Training

Litman, T., 2007 School transport management: encouraging alternatives to driving to school, Victoria Transport policy Institute, Canada.
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This webpage provides useful information, including many hyperlinks, for those wishing to reduce car trips to school by making it safer and more enjoyable to cycle.

Encouragement and Promotion

Litman, T., 2004, Quantifying the benefits of non-motorized transportation for achieving mobility management objectives, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada.
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This paper outlines the numerous benefits associated with active transport modes such as cycling. It discusses the methods available to quantify the social, economic, environmental and transport benefits of cycling.
Litman, T., 2007, Win-win transportation solutions: Smart transportation strategies can achieve emission reduction targets and provide other important economic, social and environmental benefits, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, Canada.
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This paper introduces a range of market-based policy reforms aimed at increasing transport efficiency, improving health and reducing emissions.

Recreation

Fraietta, J. (2004) Cycle Tourism Research Summary, Tourism Research Analyst
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The information in this report was compiled to profile the cycle tourism market, review the current literature on the subject, and increase tourism operators’ awareness of cycle tourism as an emerging market opportunity in Alberta.