Europe
Engineering and Planning
- European Conference of Ministers, 2004, Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: Moving Ahead, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
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This paper provides an overview of national level policies aimed at encouraging cycling. It highlights the importance of national level policy commitment concerning cycling, to ensure an appropriate framework is in place for the development of more detailed, localised actions. - The European Network for Cycling Expertise, undated, Cycling and Planning, The European Network for Cycling Expertise, Amsterdam.
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Cycling and Planning outlines the needs of cyclists, in terms of infrastructure and land use planning requirements. It describes the key criteria that must be satisfied in order to encourage people to cycle. Emphasis is placed on an integrated approach that accounts for both immediate infrastructure as well as broad land use planning concepts, such as urban density. - Rissel, C., Garrard, J., 2006, Cycling for active transport and recreation in Australia: Status review and future directions, Vol. 13, p. 49 – 63, World Transport Policy and Practice, UK.
View PDF - Pucher, J., Dijkstra, L., 2003, Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 93, No. 9.
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This research paper assesses the public health consequences of unsafe and unattractive walking and cycling amenity. It does this through an examination of conditions in US cities and compares them to the Netherlands and Germany. This paper is instructive to Australian and New Zealand planners, although it is written with a US and European focus. - Pucher, J. & Buelher, R., 2007, World Transport Policy and Practice, Volume 13 No. 3, At the Frontiers of Cycling: Policy Innovations in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Eco-Logica Ltd
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This article presents 6 detailed studies of cycling in the Nertherlands, Denmark and Germany. They represent the best in coordinated policies and programs to make cycling safe, convenient and attractive. On offer are many lessons to the Western World about the best ways to encourage more cycling. - Case Study - Quartier Vauban in the southwestern German city of Freiburg in Breisgau
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Case study from StreetsWiki an overview with links on Quartier Vauban. The sustainable neighborhood of 5,000 residents live in the historic college town of 225,000 residents. Planning for the neighborhood began in 1993 and development was largely completed in 2006. The 84-acre neighborhood is located on the southern border of the city, two miles from the historic OldTown. The Quartier Vauban represents the state of the art in environmental protection in terms of transportation, alternative energy production, and sustainable construction techniques.
Encouragement and Promotion
- Steer Davies Gleave (2008), Report for Transport for London - "CYCLING IN LONDON"
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This summary highlights key findings from a review of well over one hundred studies connected with cycling, ranging from qualitative research to large scale travel surveys such as the LTDS (London Travel Demand Survey).
Increasing cycling in London is integral to the vision to develop London as an exemplary sustainable world city [10, 2004]. This is because there are substantial economic, health and personal benefits associated with cycling, which could potentially be incorporated into everyday life for 28% of Londoners with access to a bike [66, 2004]. - Spreekmeester, R., Wittink, R., Van Den Berg, J., 2000, The economic significance of cycling: A study to illustrate the costs and benefits of cycling policy, VNG Uitgeverij, The Hague.
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An important, unique contribution, this document assesses the various costs and benefits of cycling. Their wide ranging analysis covers the costs of traffic and infrastructure, economic considerations and the health and environmental benefits of cycling, to name just a few. - Whitelegg, J., undated, Dirty from cradle to grave.
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Leading sustainable transport expert, Professor John Whitelegg explains the environmental and health impacts of car production and use, from cradle to grave. - Sustrans, 2006, Economic appraisal of local walking and cycling routes, Sustrans, Bristol, UK.
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A UK based assessment of the economic benefits of active transport modes such as cycling. Using the UK Government’s method of evaluating the economic benefits of transport, walking and cycling are demonstrated as having a 20:1 cost benefit ratio. - Sustrans, 2006, Methodology used in the economic appraisal of local walking and cycling routes, Sustrans, Bristol, UK.
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Explains the methodology used in the economic appraisal of local walking and cycling routes, Sustrans, Bristol, UK. - Pucher,J. & Buehler (2008) Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany, Transport Reviews, Vol. 28
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This paper shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods.
Enforcement and Road Safety
- Witink, R., 2003, Planning for cycling and walking as a catalyst for a successful road safety policy for all users, Contribution to Sustainable Transport: Planning for walking and cycling in urban environments, ed. Rodney Tolley, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK
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Visit Site - Roelof Wittink - from the Interface for Cycling Expertise
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outlines how measures to restore the balance between the interests of motorised and non-motorised traffic not only improve the safety of cycling and walking, but also the safety of motorised modes. - John Franklin, website, Cyclecraft Cycling Digest, (UK)
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A research digest on many topics from the author of the Cyclecraft Visit Site, it is recommended reading for the UK National Cycle Training Standard, Bikeability Visit Site . On safety, Cycle path safety: A summary of research Visit Site is useful. - Pucher, J., Dijkstra, L., 2000, Making walking and cycling safer: Lessons from Europe, Transportation Quarterly, Volume 54 (3), p.25-50
View PDF - Howarth, C.I., 1982, The need for regular monitoring of the exposure of pedestrians and cyclists to traffic, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 14, Issue 5, Oct 1982, pp. 341-344 (Article available for a fee from ScienceDirect.com Visit Site )
ScandinaviaEngineering and Planning
- Danish Roads Directorate, 2000, Collection of Cycle Concepts, Government of Denmark, Copenhangen.
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The Collection of Cycle Concepts is a comprehensive Danish publication on cycling. It offers a wide ranging, yet detailed analysis and discussion on promotion, urban planning, facility design, signage and parking. Although some of it is specific to Denmark, much of the content is internationally relevant.
Education and Training
- Danish Roads Directorate, 2000, Collection of Cycle Concepts, Government of Denmark, Copenhagen.
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The Collection of Cycle Concepts is a comprehensive Danish publication on cycling. It offers a wide ranging, yet detailed analysis and discussion on education, promotion, and urban planning for cycling. Although some of it is specific to Denmark, much of the content is internationally relevant.
Encouragement and Promotion
- Andersen, L.B., et al., 2000, All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work, Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(11): p. 1621-1628.
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This highly regarded Danish study assessed the health status of 30,000 people over a 14 year period to measure the health benefits of cycling. The researchers found that, with all other factors being equal, simply cycling to work lowered the risk of death by 40%. - Dora, C., Phillips, M., 2000, Transport, heath and the environment, World Health Organisation, Regional Publications, European Series No. 89, Copenhagen.
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A landmark publication on the inter-relationship between transport, health and the environment. This paper offers a comprehensive outline of the importance of reducing car use and increasing the proportion of trips conducted by active modes of transport.
Enforcement and Road Safety
- Bernhoft, I.M. & Carstensen, G., 2007, Preferences and behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists by age and gender, Transport Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, October 2007 - (Article available for a fee from ScienceDirect.com Visit Site )
