Research in road safety generally eventually leads to better safety campaigns and products which will save lives. While this is also true of specific research in cycling safety, much less is known about the topic.
Australia:
- Md. Mazharul Hoque (1990) "An analysis of fatal bicycle accidents in victoria (Australia) with a special reference to nighttime accidents", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 22, Issue 1, February 1990, Pages 1-11. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This paper examines the fatal bicycle accidents which occurred in the period 1981–1984 in Victoria with particular emphasis on nighttime fatalities. The examination provides information on aspects of accident location, environment, problem type, time, and cyclist characteristics. The relationship between actual accidents and cyclists perceived collision danger is also investigated. The characteristics of fatal bicycle accidents are different to those of overall “casualty” accidents. A difference also exists between day and night, and between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan fatal accidents. - Robinson, D.L. (1996) "Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 28, Issue 4, July 1996, Pages 463-475. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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The first year of the mandatory bicycle helmet laws in Australia saw increased helmet wearing from 31% to 75% of cyclists in Victoria and from 31% of children and 26% of adults in New South Wales (NSW) to 76% and 85%. However, the two major surveys using matched before and after samples in Melbourne (Finch et al. 1993; Report No. 45, Monash Univ. Accident Research Centre) and throughout NSW (Smith and Milthorpe 1993; Roads and Traffic Authority) observed reductions in numbers of child cyclists 15 and 2.2 times greater than the increase in numbers of children wearing helmets. - Australian Transport Safety Bureau, website, Cycling publications
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The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) is an operationally independent body within the Australian Government Department of Transport and Regional Services and is Australia's prime agency for transport safety investigations. This link provides ATSB research reports on cycling since 1985. - Austroads
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Austroads is the association of Australian and New Zealand road transport and traffic authorities. A number of their research projects are highly relevant to cycling and are often available for free. Only a selection are listed here, but others can be easily found through Austroads Publications Visit Site
- Fildes, B., Langford, L., Andrea, D., Scully, D.,2005, Balance between Harm Reduction and Mobility in Setting Speed Limits: A Feasibility Study, Austroads, Sydney
Visit Site - Ker I., Huband A., Veith G., Taylor J., 2006, Pedestrian-cyclist conflict minimisation on shared paths and footpaths, Austroads, Sydney
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- Ker I., Yapp S., Moore P., 2005, Bus-Bike Interaction with the Road Network: Research Report, Austroads, Sydney
Visit Site - Green, F., and Harrison, W., 2002, Investigation of Cyclist Safety at Intersections, Austroads, Sydney
Visit Site - ARRB - Australian Road Research Board
ARRB Group is the leading provider of value-added research, consulting and technology addressing transport problems.- Sustainable Transport Planning Visit Site
- Published by ARRB, this is quarterly journal of Australian and New Zealand road and transport research and practice.
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Relevant past papers include: - Voukelatos, A., Rissel, C., Campbell, F., 2003, Pedal Cycle Injuries: A comparison of data sources, Volume 12, No 4, p.26-33
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- Sustainable Transport Planning Visit Site
- Health Promotion Journal of Australia
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This is the journal of the Health Promotion Association of Australia. Visit Site
Cycling safety related articles include:- Robinson, D.L., 2005, Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, Vol. 16, p.47-51
View PDF - Rissel, C., 2004, Road safety is no accident, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, Volume 15 (2), p.93-95.
- Robinson, D.L., 2005, Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, Vol. 16, p.47-51
- Monash University Accident Research Centre
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The Accident Research Centre is a leading Australian injury prevention and control research institute. Its charter includes safety in all modes of transport, in the workplace, in the community and in the home. Located in the Victoria where compulsory bicycle helmet laws were first introduced in Australia, it conducted a large amount of research on helmet usage and efficacy in injury prevention in the early and mid 1990s. - Rissel, C, Campbell, F, Ashley, B, Jackson, L. 2002, Driver road rule knowledge and attitudes towards cyclists, Australian Journal of Primary Health. Volume 8, p.66-69
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New Zealand
- Land Transport New Zealand, website, Research Reports
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This web page lists results of completed research funded by Land Transport NZ. Searching the page for ‘cyclist’ or ‘bicycle’ yields useful results, for example: - Turner, S. A., Roozenburg, A. P., Francis, T., 2006, Predicting Accident Rates for Cyclists and Pedestrians: Land Transport New Zealand Research Report 289, Land Transport New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
View PDF - Turner, S.A., Roozenburg, A.P., (in press), "Cycle safety – reducing the crash risk", Land Transport New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand Ministry of Transport (NZ), website, Research
- This web site contains information about travel, motor vehicle crashes, road user attitudes and behaviours in New Zealand. Of particular interest are links to:
Motor vehicle crashes in New Zealand
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You can follow the links through to:- Pedal Cyclist Casualties and Crashes
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Visit Site - Summaries of New Zealand road safety research, which are worth searching for key terms
Visit Site - NZ’s Crash analysis system (CAS)
Visit Site - Wood, K. (2008) Bicycle Crashes in New Zealand
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The objective of this study is to consider safety aspects of the New Zealand cycling environment. It is safe in the sense of presenting a low threat to others, but dangerous in the sense of vulnerability to risk imposed by others. The major safety problem is sharing space with motor vehicles on roads designed and used with little or no thought for cyclist's needs.
A database maintained by the Land Transport Safety Authority is used to show that over 85% of serious and fatal cycle crashes fall into only 14 types of crash. These are analysed for frequency of fatal and serious injuries, the effects of cyclist's age, and changes over time. Each of the selected crash types is analysed for common contributing factors.
- Pedal Cyclist Casualties and Crashes
- Buckley, A. & Wilke, A. (2000) Cycle Lane Performance: Road Safety Effects, Paper for the 2000 Cycling Symposium, NZ
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Christchurch City Council has been following a program of strategic implementation of cycle lanes. A point has been reached where it is essential to review the effectiveness of the various treatments in place. This paper looks at the effect that cycle lanes have on safety. - Thornley S. J., Woodward A., Langley J. D. , Ameratunga S. N. and Rodgers A. (2008) "Conspicuity and bicycle crashes: preliminary findings of the Taupo Bicycle Study", IP On-line, NZ
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International:
- Olkkonen, S. and Honkanen, R. (1990) "The role of alcohol in nonfatal bicycle injuries", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 22, Issue 1, February 1990, Pages 89-96. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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To assess the risk of nonfatal bicycle injury related to blood alcohol concentration (BAC) an unmatched case-control study was conducted in Helsinki in 1986. Eligible cases were the 140 adults injured either in motor vehicle or other bicycle accidents occurring between 3 p.m. and 10 p.m., who arrived at hospital within six hours of injury. Seven hundred bicyclists from the street were randomly selected as controls. - Spence, L.J. et al (1993) "Fatal bicycle accidents in children: A plea for prevention", Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Volume 28, Issue 2, February 1993, Pages 214-216. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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We reviewed the coroner's records of all fatal bicycle accidents occurring in children (aged 0 to 15 years) in Ontario (pediatric population, 2,007,230) between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1989. The injuries sustained were documented and scored with anatomical injury scores (Abbreviated Injury Score 1985 and Injury Severity Score) and categorized as unsurvivable or survivable. - Smith, T.A., Tees, D., Thom, D.R. and Hurt Jr., H.H. (1994) "Evaluation and replication of impact damage to bicycle helmets", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 26, Issue 6, December 1994, Pages 795-802. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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A group of 72 impacted bicycle helmets were collected, primarily from manufacturers with a crash replacement policy that encourages the return of damaged helmets. Each damaged helmet was thoroughly inspected and measured to determine the construction details and collision damage. Laboratory replication tests were then performed on selected samples using exemplar helmets to determine impact velocity and peak headform aceleration. The predominant impact location was the front left quarter and the replication studies indicate that the majority of impacts took place on flat surfáces from drop heights of 1 meter or less. Overall, it is evident that a large number of bicycle helmet users who have benefited from the use of a bicycle helmet, and future bicycle helmet standards must incorporate the protective requirements of this unique group. - Aultman-Hall, L. and L. Hall, F.L. (1998) "Ottawa-Carleton commuter cyclist on-and off-road incident rates", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 1998, Pages 29-43. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This analysis overcomes the known limitations of police and emergency room bicycle accident databases through use of a survey that asked cyclists to indicate their accident history as well as their regular commute route to work or school. By relating the route information of the 1604 respondents (52.5% of the distributed questionnaires) to facility attributes in a Geographic Information System, defensible estimates of travel exposure on roads, off-road paths and sidewalks were developed. - Räsänen, M. and Summala, H. (1998) "Attention and expectation problems in bicycle–car collisions: an in-depth study", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 30, Issue 5, September 1998, Pages 657-666. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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One hundred and eighty-eight bicycle–car accidents in four cities were studied by multidisciplinary in-depth analysis. The sample was representative of the national accident statistics. All the accidents were analyzed in detail to reconstruct the actual movements of those involved and to assess detection of the other party. In 37% of collisions, neither driver nor cyclist realized the danger or had time to yield. In the remaining collisions, the driver (27%), the cyclist (24%) or both (12%) did something to avert the accident. - Räsänen, M., Koivisto, I. and Summala, H. (1999) "Car Driver and Bicyclist Behavior at Bicycle Crossings Under Different Priority Regulations", Journal of Safety Research, Volume 30, Issue 1, Spring 1999, Pages 67-77. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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In order to improve traffic safety, the Finnish Traffic Code concerning rights of way at bicycle crossings changed on the first of June, 1997. This study examines the effects of the law change both on drivers’ and cyclists’ behavior, and on their knowledge. Behavior was measured with the help of unobtrusive video recordings, and in experimental settings where a test cyclist approached a bicycle crossing on a collision course with a car. The new law formalized the prevailing yielding behavior between drivers and cyclists at bicycle crossings on road sections where drivers did not generally yield to cyclists coming from the right, neither before nor after the law change.
- Aultman-Hall, L. and Kaltenecker, M.G. (1999) "Toronto bicycle commuter safety rates", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 31, Issue 6, November 1999, Pages 675-686. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This analysis uses data from a survey of Toronto commuter cyclists that collected information regarding accident history as well as regular commute route to work or school. By relating the route information of the 1196 respondents to facility attributes in a Geographic Information System (GIS), defensible estimates of travel exposure on roads, off-road paths and sidewalks were developed. The rate of collision on off-road paths and sidewalks was lower than for roads. The relative rates for falls and injuries suggest these events are least common on-road followed by off-road paths, and finally most common on sidewalks. The rate of major injuries, an injury that required medical attention, was greatest on sidewalks and the difference between paths and sidewalks was negligible. These rates suggest a need for detailed analysis of sidewalk and off-road path bicycle safety. - Liller, K.D. (2000) "The importance of obstetricians/ gynecologists in promoting children’s unintentional injury prevention: a focus on bicycle helmet use", Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS, Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2000, Pages 60-63. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Injuries are the leading cause of death for children in the United States, as well as for women between the ages of 19 and 39. The leading cause of injury death for these groups is motor vehicle injuries. There are approximately 900 deaths every year related to bicycling, with 40% of these occuring to children between the ages of 5–14. Most of these deaths occur due to collisions with motor vehicles. It has been shown that the use of bicycle helmets prevents the majority of head and brain injuries that occur due to bicycle crashes. - Rosenkranz, K.M. and Sheridan, R.L. (2003) "Trauma to adult bicyclists: a growing problem in the urban environment", Injury, Volume 34, Issue 11, November 2003, Pages 825-829. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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The proportion of adults involved in serious bicycle accidents has increased in the last two decades. The majority of the bicycle injury prevention efforts, however, are directed toward child riders. The authors performed a retrospective review of injury statistics from the Massachusetts Hospital Discharge Data Set, 1994–1999, the Massachusetts Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System, 1999, and the trauma registry of an Urban Level I Trauma Centre, 1993–2000. Massachusetts’s state-wide injury data reveals a 30% increase in hospital charges between 1994 and 1999 for adults following bicycle falls and collisions with concomitant stability in the charges for children. - Maki, T., Kajzer, J., Mizuno, K. and Sekine, Y. (2003) "Comparative analysis of vehicle–bicyclist and vehicle–pedestrian accidents in Japan", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 35, Issue 6, November 2003, Pages 927-940. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Bicyclist and pedestrian injuries in collisions with vehicles in Japan were investigated based on national and in-depth accident data analyses and mathematical simulations. In an impact with a bonnet-type vehicle, a bicyclist slides over the bonnet of the vehicle, behavior that is not observed for pedestrians. As a result, the bicyclist’s head tends to strike a bonnet-type vehicle at a more rearward location in comparison with pedestrians. - Wang, Y. and Nihan, N.L. (2004) "Estimating the risk of collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles at signalized intersections", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 36, Issue 3, May 2004, Pages 313-321. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles have caused severe life and property losses in many countries. The majority of bicycle–motor vehicle (BMV) accidents occur at intersections. In order to reduce the number of BMV accidents at intersections, a substantial understanding of the causal factors for the collisions is required. In this study, intersection BMV accidents were classified into three types based on the movements of the involved motor vehicles and bicycles. - Macpherson, A.K. et al (2004) "Urban/rural variation in children’s bicycle-related injuries", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 36, Issue 4, July 2004, Pages 649-654. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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The objective of this study was to examine bicycle-related injury rates for children living in urban and rural areas. Data on all Canadian children hospitalised because of bicycling-related injuries (1994–1998) were obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Injured children were classified as residing in urban, mixed urban, mixed rural or rural areas. Incidence rates for bicycle-related head injuries and other bicycle-related injuries were calculated. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of head injury, controlling for age, sex, socio-economic status (SES), collision with a motor vehicle, and the presence of provincial helmet legislation.
- Depreitere, B., Van Lierde, C., Maene, S., Plets, C., Vander Sloten, J., Van Audekercke, R., Van der Perre, G. and Goffin, J. (2004) "Bicycle-related head injury: a study of 86 cases", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 36, Issue 4, July 2004, Pages 561-567. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Within the framework of a bicycle helmet research program, we have set up a database of bicycle accident victims, containing both accident and clinical data. The database consists of a consecutive series of 86 victims of bicycle accidents who underwent a neurosurgical intervention in our hospital between 1990 and 2000. Data were obtained from police files, medical records, computed tomography head scans and a patient questionnaire. In only three victims, the wearing of a helmet was documented. In this study, the head injuries are analysed and the relation between the different types of head injuries and outcome is assessed. - Yavin, Y. (2005) "Point-to-point and collision avoidance control of the motion of an autonomous bicycle", Computers & Mathematics with Applications, Volume 50, Issues 10-12, November-December 2005, Pages 1525-1542. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This work deals with the stabilization and collision avoidance control of a riderless bicycle (see Figure 1). It is assumed here that the bicycle is controlled by a pedalling torque, a directional torque, and by a rotor mounted on the crossbar that generates a tilting torque. - Mills, N.J. (2007) "Bicycle helmet case study", Polymer Foams Handbook, 2007, Pages 329-350. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Cycling, a healthy method of transport, invovles higher speeds than walking. In many countries cyclists share the road with cars and other vehicles, with a consequent risk of collision. Head injuries are more likely to be life threatening than broken limbs, and the medical profession can rarely reverse the effects of brain damage. The use of bicycle helmets reduces the number and severity of head injuries and deaths in crashes (the term crashis preferred to accident, which suggests that no one is to blame). One strategy for reducing injuries is to persuade cyclists to wear helmets. - Kim, J.K., Kim, S., Ulfarsson, G.F. and Porrello, L.A. (2007) "Bicyclist injury severities in bicycle–motor vehicle accidents", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2007, Pages 238-251. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This research explores the factors contributing to the injury severity of bicyclists in bicycle–motor vehicle accidents using a multinomial logit model. The model predicts the probability of four injury severity outcomes: fatal, incapacitating, non-incapacitating, and possible or no injury. The analysis is based on police-reported accident data between 1997 and 2002 from North Carolina, USA. - Karkhaneh, M., Naghavi, M., Rowe, B.H., Hagel, B.E., Jafari, N. and Saunders, L.D. (2008) "Epidemiology of bicycle injuries in 13 health divisions, Islamic Republic of Iran 2003", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 40, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 192-199. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Bicyclists are vulnerable road users for severe injury all over the world. The nature and extent of such injuries are less well known in Iran. Using data from a comprehensive survey conducted by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 13 health divisions of Iran, in 2003, we examined circumstances around bicyclist injury and death.
- Møller, M. and Hels, T. (2008) "Cyclists’ perception of risk in roundabouts"
Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 40, Issue 3, May 2008, Pages 1055-1062. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Converting an intersection into a roundabout improves motor vehicle safety, but a similar safety effect is not found for car–bicycle collisions. Very little is known about the reasons behind these collisions. In this study a first step towards an understanding of the reasons behind these collisions is taken. The study focuses on cyclists’ perceived risk in specific situations, factors influencing the perception of risk and cyclists’ knowledge about traffic rules regulating the interaction between road users in roundabouts. - Howarth, C.I. (1982), "The need for regular monitoring of the exposure of pedestrians and cyclists to traffic", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 14, Issue 5, October 1982, Pages 341-344. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Regular monitoring of the exposure of pedestrians and cyclists to traffic would enable one to calculate the risk per km or per road crossing of those forms of travel. This information would allow us to estimate the effect on accident rates of changes in modes of travel. It would also enable us to estimate the possible effects of safety measures aimed at pedestrians and cyclists. After a discussion of the costs and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of monitoring the exposure of pedestrians, it is recommended that a combination of questionnaire techniques and observations at random sites will provide all the information required at the lowest possible cost. - Elvik, R. (2000) "Which are the relevant costs and benefits of road safety measures designed for pedestrians and cyclists?", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 32, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 37-45. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This paper discusses the current state-of-the-art with respect to impact assessment and cost-benefit analysis of measures designed to improve safety or mobility for pedestrians and cyclists. The study concludes that a number of impacts that are likely to regarded as important for pedestrians and cyclists are not included in current impact assessments and cost-benefit analyses as these are made in Norway. Impacts that are not currently included in impact assessments and cost-benefit analyses are: (a) changes in the amount of walking and cycling; (b) changes in travel time for pedestrians and cyclists; (c) changes in road user insecurity (feeling of safety); and (d) changes in road user health state. In order to include these effects in impact assessments and cost-benefit analyses, more needs to be known about their occurrence and monetary value. Hypothetical examples of ideally designed cost-benefit analyses are given, based on highly preliminary monetary values for travel time, insecurity and generalised costs of travel for pedestrians and cyclists. These analyses indicate that inclusion of these effects in cost-benefit analyses could make a major difference for the results of those analyses. - Simoncic, M. (2001) "Road accidents in Slovenia involving a pedestrian, cyclist or motorcyclist and a car", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 33, Issue 2, 1 March 2001, Pages 147-156. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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We analyse the group of road traffic accidents in Slovenia in which a car driver and a pedestrian, cyclist or motorcyclist are involved. At the beginning some basic data are presented from the available database on traffic accidents. The selected group is then analysed by use of the logistic regression method. Based on the obtained results, some guidelines for transport policy action — aimed at decreasing the number of accidents with severe injury or fatality — are identified. - Heikkilä, J. and Silvén, O. (2003), "A real-time system for monitoring of cyclists and pedestrians", University of Oulu, Finland. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Camera based systems are routinely used for monitoring highway traffic, supplementing inductive loops and microwave sensors employed for counting purposes. These techniques achieve very good counting accuracy and are capable of discriminating trucks and cars. However, pedestrians and cyclists are mostly counted manually. In this paper, we describe a new camera based automatic system that utilizes Kalman filtering in tracking and Learning Vector Quantization for classifying the observations to pedestrians and cyclists. Both the requirements for such systems and the algorithms used are described. The tests performed show that the system achieves around 80–90% accuracy in counting and classification. - Mayou, R. and Bryant, B. (2003) "Consequences of road traffic accidents for different types of road user", Injury, Volume 34, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 197-202. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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The study aimed to describe the immediate and later physical, social and psychological consequences of a road traffic accident for vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians amongst consecutive hospital attenders at an Accident and Emergency Department. Physical and accident details were collated from hospital records. Subjects completed questionnaires at hospital attendance, 3 months, 1 and 3 years.
- Witink, R., 2003, "Planning for cycling and walking as a catalyst for a successful road safety policy for all users", Contribution to Sustainable Transport: Planning for walking and cycling in urban environments, ed. Rodney Tolley, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK
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Visit Site - Kwan, I. and Mapstone, J. (2004) "Visibility aids for pedestrians and cyclists: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 36, Issue 3, May 2004, Pages 305-312. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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This study aims to quantify the effect of visibility aids on the occurrence of pedestrian and cyclist–motor vehicle collisions and injuries, and drivers’ responses in detection and recognition. Trial reports were systematically reviewed according to predefined eligibility criteria, including randomised controlled trials or controlled before-and-after trials comparing visibility aids and no visibility aids, and of different visibility aids on pedestrian and cyclist safety, and drivers’ responses in detection and recognition. This included trials in which the order of interventions was randomised, or balanced using a Latin square design. - Xiang, H., Zhu, M., Sinclair, S. A., Stallones, L., Wilkins III, J.R. and Smith, G. A. (2006) "Risk of vehicle–pedestrian and vehicle–bicyclist collisions among children with disabilities", Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 38, Issue 6, November 2006, Pages 1064-1070. Research paper available for purchase from Science Direct
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Among 5019 persons who completed the survey, there were a total of 687 children between 5–17 years of age, including 299 respondents with and 388 without disabilities. After controlling for potential confounding variables, children with disabilities were more than five times more likely to have been hit by a motor vehicle as a pedestrian or bicyclist than children without disabilities (adjusted OR = 5.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43–21.41). For all children, regardless of their disability status, children who reported having some difficulty with traffic had a significantly higher risk of collisions (adjusted OR = 50.71, 95% CI: 7.35–349.86). The most commonly reported traffic difficulties for all children with and without disabilities were “Too few or missing sidewalks/paths,” “Do not know when it's safe to cross,” and “Insensitive/unaware drivers.” - Roelof Wittink (from the Interface for Cycling Expertise)
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outlines how measures to restore the balance between the interests of motorised and non-motorised traffic not only improve the safety of cycling and walking, but also the safety of motorised modes. - John Franklin, website, Cyclecraft Cycling Digest, (UK)
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A research digest on many topics from the author of the Cyclecraft Visit Site, it is recommended reading for the UK National Cycle Training Standard, Bikeability Visit Site . On safety, Cycle path safety: A summary of research Visit Site is useful. - US Federal Highway Administration, website, Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Research
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This web site provides information on issues and research related to improving pedestrian and bicyclist safety. - US Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC), website, Research and Development: Safety
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A list of research resources that address safety issues as they relate to bicyclists. PBIC Visit Site also support an Information Clearing House Visit Site , which is a network of technical professionals and experts in various areas who are available to answer questions about pedestrian and bicycling issues.
There are also pages on:- Education and Enforcement
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- Bicycling Crashes
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- Education and Enforcement
- The National Center for Bicycling & Walking
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Is the major program of the Bicycle Federation of America, Inc. Besides providing a number of excellent resources, it also has a free fortnightly newsletter, Centrelines Visit Site, on cycling and walking issues. - Accident Analysis & Prevention
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Recent journal articles on cycling (available for a fee from Science Direct Visit Site include the following:
- Kima, J., Kimb, S., Ulfarssona, G.F., and Porrello, L.A., 2007, Bicyclist injury severity's in bicycle–motor vehicle accidents, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2007, p.238-251
- Walker, I., 2007, Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2007, p.417-425
- Walker, I., 2005, Signals are informative but slow down responses when drivers meet bicyclists at road junctions, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2005, p.1074-1085
- Wang, Y., Nihan, N.L., 2004, Estimating the risk of collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles at signalized intersections Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 36, Issue 3, May 2004, p.313-321
- Herslund, M., Jørgensen, N.O., 2003, Looked but failed to see errors in traffic, Volume 35, Issue 6, November 2003, p.885-891
- Injury Prevention
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The Injury Prevention web site has a good search facility and has published a number of cycling related articles, particularly on the helmet issue, including: - Macpherson, A.K., Macarthur, C., To, T.M., Chipman, M.L., Wright, J.G., and Parkin, P.C., 2006, Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation, Injury Prevention, Vol 12, p.231-235
Visit Site - Robinson, D.L., 2004, Reasons for trends in cyclist injury data, Injury Prevention, Vol 10, p.126-127
Visit Site - Jacobsen, P.L., 2003, Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling, 2003, Injury Prevention, Vol 9, p.205-9
View PDF - Robinson, D.L., 2003, Helmet laws and cycle use, Injury Prevention Vol.9, p.380-381
Visit Site - British Medical Journal and other British Medical Association publications
Visit Site - Relevant resources and publications on safety and the helmet issue are highlighted by a web page Cycling
Visit Site - Transportation Quarterly (US)
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TQ is an electronic newsletter that provides transportation leaders concise and relevant information about major transportation issues. Relevant articles include:- Pucher, J., 2001, Cycling Safety on bikeways vs roads, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 55 (4), p.9-11
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- Pucher, J., Dijkstra, L., 2000, Making walking and cycling safer: Lessons from Europe, Transportation Quarterly, Volume 54 (3), p.25-50
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- Pucher, J., 2001, Cycling Safety on bikeways vs roads, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 55 (4), p.9-11
- World Health Organisation - Regional Office for Europe
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Road safety and increased physical activity through cycling in Finland, 2006.
